family medicine board exam prep

Management of Hyponatremic Encephalopathy

Hyponatremia, characterized by a serum sodium level below 135 mEq/L, poses significant clinical challenges, especially in acute settings where it can lead to serious neurological outcomes, including hyponatremic encephalopathy. Current medical guidelines emphasize the critical [CONTINUE READING…]

Radial Tunnel Syndrome

Radial tunnel syndrome (RTS) is a condition characterized by the entrapment of the radial nerve as it navigates through the radial tunnel near the elbow. This often leads to a spectrum of symptoms, primarily manifested [CONTINUE READING…]

Carpal Tunnel Syndrome

Carpal Tunnel Syndrome (CTS) is a prevalent condition that results from compression of the median nerve as it passes through the carpal tunnel in the wrist. This syndrome is particularly notable for its characteristic symptoms: [CONTINUE READING…]

Axillary Nerve Compression

Axillary nerve compression is a significant clinical concern, particularly among experts in neurology and orthopedics. This condition is characterized by a distinctive presentation of symptoms, primarily located in the lateral shoulder region. Patients often report [CONTINUE READING…]

Cubital Tunnel Syndrome: Ulnar Nerve Compression at the Elbow

Ulnar nerve compression at the elbow, commonly referred to as cubital tunnel syndrome, presents a unique confluence of symptoms that affect a patient’s ability to perform everyday tasks. From a clinical perspective, the hallmark signs—numbness [CONTINUE READING…]

Preventive Screening: Breast Cancer Risk

The U.S. Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) plays a crucial role in shaping clinical practices in preventive healthcare, especially for women at risk of breast and related cancers. The USPSTF’s recommendations highlight the importance of [CONTINUE READING…]

Central vs. Peripheral Vertigo

Vertigo is a complex and often debilitating symptom that can significantly impact an individual’s quality of life. It is characterized by a sensation of spinning or movement, which can be distressing. The distinction between central [CONTINUE READING…]

Management and Monitoring of Acute and Chronic Adrenal Insufficiency

Adrenal insufficiency is classified into two primary categories: acute and chronic. Acute adrenal insufficiency, or adrenal crisis, is a life-threatening condition characterized by a sudden decrease in adrenocortical hormones, while chronic adrenal insufficiency, often due [CONTINUE READING…]

Obstructive Sleep Apnea & Lower Extremity Edema

Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA) is a sleep disorder characterized by repeated interruptions in breathing due to obstructed airways during sleep. Although primarily associated with respiratory disturbances, emerging evidence suggests that OSA may have broader systemic [CONTINUE READING…]

Refeeding Syndrome: Identifying High-Risk Patients

Refeeding syndrome (RFS) is a potentially fatal condition that occurs when feeding is resumed after a period of malnourishment, leading to dangerous shifts in electrolytes and fluid balance. It is critical for healthcare professionals to [CONTINUE READING…]

Transgender Women & Screening Guidelines

The healthcare landscape for transgender women is evolving, yet inconsistencies in screening guidelines persist. The U.S. Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) has made strides towards inclusivity, but recommendations tailored specifically for transgender patients, particularly transgender [CONTINUE READING…]

Interplay of Urban Design and Public Transportation: Promoting Walkability and Ridership

The relationship between public transportation systems and urban design has significant implications for mobility, health, and community cohesion. Below, we explore the multifaceted perspectives regarding how effective transportation systems can encourage walking, enhance user experience, [CONTINUE READING…]