FM board exam prep

Goiter in Hyperthyroidism

Goiter, an enlargement of the thyroid gland, often presents in individuals with hyperthyroidism. While the direct influence of thyroid hormones on the development of goiter may seem apparent, it is essential to delineate the underlying [CONTINUE READING…]

Exophthalmos in Hyperthyroidism

Exophthalmos, or the protrusion of the eyeballs, is a prominent clinical feature associated with hyperthyroidism, particularly in Graves’ disease. While it is evident that an overactive thyroid can lead to this condition, the mechanism extends [CONTINUE READING…]

Thyrotoxicosis

Thyrotoxicosis, characterized by an excess of thyroid hormones in the bloodstream, presents clinical challenges that warrant discussion from multiple perspectives. While traditionally associated with conditions like Graves’ disease or toxic nodular goiter, a notable yet [CONTINUE READING…]

Peripheral vs. Central Brain Lesions and Their Impact on Cranial Nerve VII

The effective diagnosis and management of neurological disorders hinge on our understanding of the differences between peripheral and central brain lesions, particularly in relation to cranial nerve VII, which is responsible for facial expressions and [CONTINUE READING…]

Diagnostic Modalities for Gastrointestinal Bleeding

Gastrointestinal (GI) bleeding presents a formidable challenge in clinical practice, necessitating prompt and accurate diagnostic modalities. Among these, colonoscopy has long been regarded as the gold standard for identifying and treating the source of GI [CONTINUE READING…]

Oral Candidiasis

Oral candidiasis, commonly referred to as oral thrush, is a fungal infection resulting from the overgrowth of Candida species, primarily Candida albicans. This condition is particularly significant due to its implications for various populations, especially those [CONTINUE READING…]

Contraceptive Options for Women with a History of Stroke: A Focus on Reversible Methods

The management of reproductive health for women with significant medical histories requires a careful assessment of the risks and benefits associated with various contraceptive methods. The 2016 U.S. Medical Eligibility Criteria for Contraceptive Use provides [CONTINUE READING…]

Scaphoid Fractures

Scaphoid fractures represent a significant clinical challenge in the field of orthopedics, particularly due to their subtle initial presentations and potential complications. The scaphoid bone, nestled between the proximal and distal rows of carpal bones, [CONTINUE READING…]

Adrenal Gland Incidentalomas

In the ever-evolving landscape of medicine, the increase in cross-sectional imaging studies, such as CT and MRI scans, has led to a noticeable rise in incidental findings. Among these, adrenal gland incidentalomas have become an [CONTINUE READING…]

Statin Therapy Recommendations for Adults at Risk of Cardiovascular Disease

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) remains a leading cause of morbidity and mortality among adults aged 40 to 75. The U.S. Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) provides clear guidelines regarding statin therapy to mitigate CVD risk. This [CONTINUE READING…]

Orthostatic Hypotension: Diagnostic Criteria and Clinical Considerations

Orthostatic hypotension (OH) is a condition characterized by a significant drop in blood pressure when an individual transitions from a supine to an upright position. This phenomenon is clinically relevant, particularly within the context of [CONTINUE READING…]

Acute Pulmonary Embolism: Diagnostic Approaches and Risk Assessment

Acute pulmonary embolism (APE) is a critical condition characterized by the blockage of a pulmonary artery, often due to blood clots that travel from the deep veins of the legs or other body parts (deep [CONTINUE READING…]